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The History of Cannabis

More than 28 million years ago, high on the Tibetan Plateau, the story of one of the most fascinating plants humanity has ever encountered began.

More than 28 million years ago, high on the Tibetan Plateau, the story of one of the most fascinating plants humanity has ever encountered began. Cannabis, then an unassuming plant, emerged in the vast steppes formed as a result of the collision between India and the Asian continent. This geological movement created ideal conditions for the growth of plants like cannabis, which then spread both eastward and westward.

The oldest evidence of human use of cannabis comes from the region of present-day China and dates back roughly 12,000 years. Archaeologists have discovered plant remnants that suggest cannabis was one of the first crops domesticated by humans. This versatile plant served multiple purposes—from producing durable fibers to offering medicinal and psychoactive effects, which later inspired cultures around the world.

Over time, cannabis split into two main lines. Industrial hemp, known for its tall, unbranched stalks rich in fibers, became particularly valued in the textile industry. Meanwhile, the psychoactive line, cultivated for higher THC content, played a crucial role in rituals and medicine. The genetic divergence of these two types occurred approximately 4,000 years ago and remains one of the most significant milestones in the plant's history.

The reason cannabis has such a profound effect on the human body lies in its chemical composition. The plant produces molecules like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which bind to the receptors of our endocannabinoid system—an ancient network that regulates a wide range of functions, from mood and appetite to sleep. These molecules, originally developed as a defense against pests and UV radiation, turned out to be extraordinarily appealing to the human brain.

Over millennia, cannabis spread across the globe. Written records tell us that it was already being used in India 2,000 years ago, from where it gradually made its way to Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Archaeological findings from burial rituals in China show that cannabis smoke was an integral part of ceremonies as far back as 2,500 years ago.

Despite its ancient history, cannabis remains a subject of debate and controversy even today. Its ability to influence the human mind, combined with its wide range of industrial applications, makes it a plant that continues to captivate scientists and the public alike. Whether seen as a medicine, a raw material, or a cultural symbol, cannabis is a plant that has shaped our history just as much as we have shaped its own.